El tejido óseo epresenta la parte más importante del esqueleto. Está vascularizado y se renueva constantemente.
Contiene aproximadamente el 99% del calcio de todo el organismo, siendo el principal lugar de almacentamiento del mismo. Está formado por células, y por sustancia intercelular que sufre calcificación.
Puede organizarse de dos maneras diferentes: Como hueso esponjoso (epífisis en huesos largos) o como hueso compacto (diáfisis)
Tejido Óseo Compacto.
La unidad estructural del hueso compacto es el sistema de Havers u osteona. Está constituido por un canal central longitudinal por el que corren capilares y filamentos nerviosos amielínicos, denominado conducto de havers. Rodeando a este conducto podemos encontrar de 8 a 20 laminillas óseas dispuestas en forma concéntrica. Estas laminillas representan la sustancia intercelular del tejido óseo, están formadas por una matriz orgánica y sales inorgánicas.
La matriz orgánica está cosntituida por escasa sustancia fundamental amorfa y abundantes fibras colágenas que se disponen en forma ordenada y paralela, cambiando su dirección en cada laminilla. El componente inorgánico principal es el fosfato de calcio cristalino en forma de cristales de hidroxiapatita. Además del calcio podemos encontrar iones de K, Mg,Na, etc. Al depósito de minerales se lo denomina CALCIFICACION.
Entre las laminillas óseas se encuentran osteocitos, ubicados en lagunas (u OSTEOPLASTOS) que se comunican entre sí y con el conducto de Havers por medio de canalículos óseos a través de los cuales les llega la nutrición a los osteocitos.
Los conductos de Havers se hallan comunicados entre sí y con los vasos del periostio y del endostio por medio de conductos transversales u oblicuos: los conductos de Volkmann.
Células del tejido óseo:
I. Células Osteoprogenitoras: Tienen la capacidad de dividirse y diferenciarse en células óseas maduras. Son fusiformes con núcleos ovales claros. Se ecuentran en el endostio y en el periostio. Existen dos subpoblaciones: los preosteoblastos, precursores de osteoblastos; y los preosteclastos, precursores de osteoclastos.
II.Osteblastos: Son células cúbicas que forman láminas en la superficie del hueso. Se contactan entre sí por prolongaciones citoplasmáticas cortas y finas que se extienden hacia la matriz en desarrollo. El citoplasma es basófilo. A medida que los osteoblastos van produciendo matriz ósea, van quedando incluidos en ella, y se transforman en osteocitos (Los cuales se unbican en lagunas alargadas, los Osteoplastos)
III. Osteoclastos: Son células gigantes multinucleadas. El citoplasma es de aspecto "espumoso" y acidófilo. La membrana del osteoclasto se denomina "Borde estriado" por sus invaginaciones profundas, lo que diferencia la reabsorción. Se encuentran en cavidades llamadas Lagunas de Howship. Su función es degradar hueso.
Periostio: está formado por una capa interna, de tc laxo muy vascularizado, en el que se encuentran las células osteoprogenitoras.
La capa Externa compuesta de tc. denso con vasos sanguíneos de mayor tamaño que se ramifican hacia los conductos de Volkmann. Existen haces de fibras de colágeno que unen al periostio con el resto del hueso, denominadas fibras de Sharpey.
Endostio: Es más delgado que el periostio, posee también potencial osteogénico y está compuesto por una única capa de células alargadas
Tejido óseo Esponjoso: Está constituido por una malla de trabéculas anastomosadas entre sí, con espacion intertrabeculares en los que se encuentra médula ósea. NO POSEE SISTEMA DE HAVERS. Las laminillas que componen las trabéculas son de menor grosor que las del hueso compacto. Los osteocitos se nutren por difusión.
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